The subsection you are currently in is also highlighted in bold. It can, therefore, by very intimidating, but you need to understand that you don’t need to be an accomplished artist in order to be a good designer. Which tool do you feel most comfortable with? This is a focus point for a debate rather than a critical analysis so there are no predetermined right or wrong answers. Is their understanding of the word the same as yours? The interior designer may still be the prime contact between client and project if they were approached first by the client, with each of the others reporting to the designer. Instead, the uniform appearance of the card from which it has been made focuses attention on the space. They pursued complete independence from the outside world, which led them to build their own properties and design their own objects. Over time, three main models for charging (with many variations on them) have appeared and can be summarised as: – Charging a percentage of the overall project value. Working with sample schemes gives the designer the chance to experiment, and still be fairly confident of the result. In this course, Mohammad Ala Tahhan will guide you through the basics … Some metals are also relatively soft, and wear and tear needs consideration before specifying. – Charging a design fee based on an assessment or projection of hours worked on the project. Addressing these issues may be achieved through research into the problems and solutions available, or it might be appropriate to use access consultants or other specialists who can advise on the practical measures that should be considered. They will highlight what work needs to be done to the space and, where necessary, will show constructional details, thus ensuring that the designer’ s vision for the project is realised by the contractors as intended. Understanding the space Understanding building structures Organising the space The human interface Sustainable design Communicating design Understanding spatial relationships A typology of technical drawing 53 The installed bathroom. Each subsection opens with a brief introductory text in bold. Local architectural practices were asked to submit pieces of work, which were then displayed as a ‘collection of road signs and street furniture’. Induction hobs create heat directly in metal pans through electromagnetism and are just as controllable as gas. They can do great things for our senses; they catch and turn light, and they create dramatic shifts of light and shade, introducing rich texture as they hang in folds. Wind Small-scale systems are available, but can be problematic in urban areas. However, once heat treated, the glass cannot be cut or worked, so any drilling or cutting required for hinges and handles must be done before the heat treatment takes place. These qualities may not be readily apparent in the planning stages of a project, but they should be considered as early as possible if their impact is to be maximised. The designers have played with ideas of harmony, unity and variety in this youth hostel cafe. Long-term professional relationships with tradespeople are often forged by designers, with the same contractors being used time and time again for their projects. In the absence of definite information regarding its construction, experience will help you make some reasonable assumptions or deductions about the building. The axis created in this room by the long dining table flanked by several chairs is reinforced still further by the placement of the light fittings over the table. The designer will be sourcing furniture, finishes and fabrics which will be chosen for their aesthetic and practical fit with the concept, with space-planning constraints also informing furniture choices. It uses the sizes of ready-made materials to define the ratio of width to length. 81 The design process Understanding the project Understanding the space Understanding building structures Organising the space The human interface Sustainable design Communicating design Tools for sketching 82 It might be assumed that pencil is the most appropriate method of mark-making in the sketchbook, but designers use a variety of materials. When designing a lighting scheme, attention should be paid to the proposed colours and finishes, as these have a large bearing on how effective the lighting is. This sketchbook shows rough ideas that have been captured very quickly. Why do some designers find the search for new and innovative materials such an exciting part of the job? Schemes do exist that ensure the timber is grown and harvested in a responsible manner, and then track the timber to market, ensuring an unbroken ‘chain of custody’ from source to customer. When beginning to sketch, students are often apprehensive about making marks on the pristine pages of a sketchbook, particularly if they feel they do not have a talent for sketching. Designers should be aware of the ways in which this can be done, and should be prepared to make use of them or to seek assistance where appropriate to ensure that this important aspect of our experience of the space is not overlooked. They are set in black boxes. The drawing creates a feeling of viewing the subject from a high viewpoint, and so is helpful when drawing views of relatively small spaces, typically bathrooms or kitchens. Biomass heating For most domestic situations, biomass means wood-based fuels. For example, drawer fronts often look well proportioned if the height of each drawer (from the bottom to the top of a cabinet) gets smaller, so a designer might choose to proportion the drawer heights in the ratio 377 mm to 233 mm to 144 mm. All the decisions about placement of lines and so on belong to you, and not a computer, and you are forced to think carefully about what you are drawing. William Morris, 1882 183 Further reading AIGA Design business and ethics 2007, AIGA 184 Eaton, Marcia Muelder Aesthetics and the good life 1989, Associated University Press Ellison, David Ethics and aesthetics in European modernist literature 2001, Cambridge University Press Fenner, David EW (Ed.) Does it feel sturdy or not? This paper. As ever, there is no single fixed way of proceeding, but various techniques are available to the designer. Concrete is generally used in construction, where it is poured to form slabs for floors and foundations, or into moulds (called shuttering) to form vertical features such as walls or columns. Grids: These are allied to layout and help the designer to visually order and arrange the content of the board. Frames of this type will usually be braced to prevent twisting by the addition of a plywood skin to the outside of the frame. This will come as you practise the different techniques, and this confidence in your presentation work will, in turn, give clients confidence in your abilities as a designer. It adds texture, light and colour. Design development Human dimensions and scale Proportioning systems Ordering systems Inclusive design 89 Proxemics are a particularly important consideration when designing public spaces. On entering a Shaker building one commenter wrote: ‘The first impression of all is cleanliness, with a suggestion of bareness which is not inconsistent, however, with comfort, and which comes chiefly from the aspect of unpapered walls, the scrubbed floors hidden only by rugs and strips of carpeting, and the plain flat finish of the wood-work.’ Window frames, chimneys and stairways were all executed with clean lines in basic forms. There is no separate constructional element of the building to do this, as with the frame in a framed structure. It is not clear why this should be so, but it may have to do with the fact that we naturally feel disconnected from the plan (it is only very occasionally going to be a view that we come close to seeing in real life), but we have a natural affinity with the elevation (a view we think we see almost all the time). Finishes such as this can be used in many applications – they can be used in furniture manufacture or applied to walls, for example. It has a job to do; in addition to providing a comfortable environment for us to inhabit, the scheme is the vehicle by which the original interpretation of mood that came from the design analysis and concept are carried into the real world. It is the relationship between the parts of a whole that has been subdivided, of the vertical to the horizontal, the width to the depth, or the height to the length. More specifically, asymmetrical balance requires that strong visual elements are balanced by other less strong elements. It may be a bright but very localised light source. That said, it is also important to keep an open mind when sourcing. Looking at the work of established designers is a good way to learn and to open the eyes of a new designer to the possibilities of the discipline that they have undertaken. A. General 2 pendants Large drum shade Good when filtered through shade Fit close to ceiling: minimal drop Bottom diffuser 37 Lighting Task Existing up-lighter Decorative Under shelf / in cabinet etc.? As this process continues, some of the options will begin to appear as favourites, while others will edit themselves out of the scheme, simply because they do not work as well as others. Brick is manufactured from clay that is hardened by kiln firing. Video can be added in the form of a ‘flythrough’, generated from three-dimensional modelling packages, or from within CAD programs, though care should be taken to check the reliability and compatibility of the selected software before deadlines become pressing. Once any of these techniques for producing formal drawings have been mastered, the rules can be applied to sketch versions of them. At the very least, there will be competing, if not conflicting, needs and wants in almost every design brief. Housed in a disused 1950s shed, the space was painted yellow in order to lead visitors in from the street, the idea being that they create their own ‘road map’ of the exhibition. (Campbell) Murphy. Your design work can be aided by drawing, at scale, a grid based on these dimensions over which you can place tracing or layout paper. It will be vital to maintain the interest of those who are watching the presentation. They are usually drawn to represent the space as viewed from outside its boundaries. Understanding building structures Organising the space The human interface Sustainable design Communicating design Building construction principles Materials for construction Mechanical and electrical systems Stone Brick Stone is used in construction and many types are considered attractive enough to be used for their decorative as well as their practical properties. On the other hand, small spaces could feel welcoming and protecting, or they might feel claustrophobic. Like the other design principles, proportioning systems are a method of formalising the reasoning behind aesthetic decisions. Materials and finishes The decorative scheme Acoustics Furniture Where the acoustic properties of a space are critical to its function, it would be sensible to employ the services of an acoustic engineer. In contrast, overly finished visuals can appear somewhat dictatorial, as if you are not allowing the client any room for manoeuvre within your proposals, which the client could negatively interpret. They give a good understanding of spaces when used together with plans. Eco Wood Replacement double glazing Cost Frame Eco Windows PVCu Blinds Window treatment Curtains Cost Wood Depot Ltd. There is no reason why free-standing pieces should not also be commissioned especially for a scheme, if budget permits. design fundamentals for interiors rmit. 1 The design process ‘The design process’ is a term that covers a set of operations which, when carefully undertaken by the designer, result in a thoroughly considered and well-crafted design solution that meets the needs of the client. However it is presented, the strongest concepts often make little direct reference to the constituent parts of the project. Layout: The way that the separate parts of the composition relate to one another is of prime importance. Details change but the principles remain the same. True neutrals are black, white and greys, but in decorative terms the word ‘neutral’ has expanded its meaning to include desaturated and less bright colours, particularly those with an earthy feel. With this technique, no effort is made to create realistic shadow effects. It is, therefore, important that the operator understands what it is that is being drawn and how it should be represented on the page. The design process Understanding the project Understanding the space Understanding building structures Organising the space The human interface Sustainable design Communicating design Free-standing and built-in furniture 128 Furniture can be categorised as either free standing or built in. The most effective use the full capabilities of the software, but do so with subtlety. fid_1-77_final.indd 12 The design process 2/3/09 8:48:44 8:49:41 PM Understanding the project Understanding the space Understanding building structures Organising the space The human interface Sustainable design fid_1-77_final.indd 13 The design process in action Communicating design Evaluation You should try to see the design process as a malleable one where the different tasks are adaptable to the unique nature of each project. Pre-stressed concrete lintels can span considerable distances, as can rolled steel joists (RSJs), which are often used in renovation work to allow the removal of internal walls by supporting of the structure above. The results reflected total simplicity, remarkable functionality and beautifully proportioned craftsmanship. Rough, unrendered visuals can be printed and traced over by hand to allow a varied approach to the preparation of drawings. In a professional sense, it may well come down to a matter of which country the designer is working in (or perhaps more properly, which regulatory system the designer is working under). Popular motifs were the starburst and the ziggurat. Prolonged exposure to electrical fields may cause increased risk of respiratory diseases and infection from airborne bacteria and viruses. Changes to shape could also be on a small scale: for example, a multi-faceted surface (such as timber slats) will serve to break up the sound waves. Interior decorators generally work with existing spaces that do not require physical alteration. There are so many variables that it does not pay to be dogmatic about the rules of colour. 93 The design process 94 Understanding the project Understanding the space Understanding building structures Organising the space The human interface Sustainable design Communicating design The Ken The Modulor A system developed in Japan, the Ken is still used to define room sizes in houses built in the Japanese tradition. As in music, rhythm in design is all about creating patterns of repetition and contrast to … In relatively recent times we are learning that many natural materials are in short supply. Truly minimalist interiors such as the Barcelona Pavilion by Mies van der Rohe or the Nový Dvůr Monastery by John Pawson show restraint in the palette of materials used, but a real diversity in the texture of the materials. Though it bears my name on the cover, it should be clear that it would have never seen the light of day were it not for the vision and generosity of many other people. Surface texture can be applied to the moulded or cut brick before firing. Even if the experience is a good one for you, how do you think it would be for someone who is 40 or 50 years older than you? Different methods of analysis and concept styles are looked at in greater detail in the next chapter. Drawings will be amended and added to over time to reflect the development of a design, but initially they will be used to give a feeling for the space. The hard reflective surfaces and depth of colour catch the eye and are ever changing. However, as discussed in Chapter 3, there are those who feel that the quality of the design can suffer when the human connection with the work (through pencil and paper) is lost. Although a written brief is likely to contain a good deal of useful information, quantity by itself does not necessarily mean quality. Indeed, designers are already finding that some quarries are exhausted of particular types of stone. The need for responsible sourcing cannot be overemphasised. Compact fluorescent (CFL) and Light-emitting diode (LED) lighting Both these technologies are significantly more efficient than traditional incandescent lamps. Breeding The Ohio State University Clarity is the key. Bookcase /display Dimensions? Arguably the most appropriate method of charging is that which sees the designer charging a design fee. Being open to change is one of the best qualities a designer can have. You are, after all, going to be exploring the aesthetic side of the brief in addition to the practical, and working visually with media such as collage, sketching and photography will help you form links and develop aesthetic ideas in a free and potentially unrestricted way. The designer should aim to create layers of light by employing different categories of light and light fitting. The Fundamentals of Interior Architecture. These add life to the images and give an instant indication of scale. Get down on paper the first thoughts you have; don ’t dwell upon them before committing them to paper. If colours are at full saturation, these schemes are very vibrant. These techniques could be summarised as making a good impression, and will include anything from being punctual to being appropriately dressed. You should look at them as a positive force within the design analysis that will help you help you define the scope of the project. It is about finding and creating a cohesive answer to a set of problems and dressing the solution so as to unify and strengthen our experience of the space. 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