The UCS results obtained from laboratory experiments are shown in Figure 2. It is difficult to determine the physical or index properties of peat soils due to high water content and variability. Contact our London head office or media team here. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A quantity of dry soil is placed in the jar and the jar weighed (M 2). 0000006171 00000 n The loss on ignition (LOI) tests were carried out as a percentage of oven-dried mass according to ASTM D2974 [34]. 2. Cheng et al. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities. It is determined either by a density bottle method or by a pycnometer method. Built by scientists, for scientists. The bulk density was calculated from the known mass and volume of undisturbed soil specimens contained in the confining rings used for performing the … The values of friction angle from triaxial compression tests for fibrous peats are in the range of 40 to 60°, as compared to less than 35° for soft clay and silt compositions. Literature on the subject gives a specific gravity of 1.53 for fresh spruce and pine while values for other materials lie between 1.47 and 1.52. 0000004309 00000 n That near the top of the bog may not have a specific gravity of more than 0.28, hut some dense Irish peals have shown a specific gravity of 1,058. Specific gravity (G) of soil can be described as ratio of weight of given volume of soil at a given temperature to the weight of equal volume of distilled water at that temperature, or in other words, ratio of unit weight of soil to that of water. The UCS tests were conducted on the original peat and treated samples with different percentages of stabilizers. Best of all it requires no expensive equipment. The correlation in Figure 4 shows that the R2 value is 0.984. The correlations are presented in Figure 3. It varies with habitat, species present and degree of decomposition. Specific gravity is a measure of the ratio of mass of a given volume of material at 23°C to the same volume of deionized water. *Address all correspondence to: pkolay@siu.edu, Edited by Bülent Topcuoğlu and Metin Turan. This may be attributed to the fact that higher FC had higher water absorption capacity; as a result, MDD decreased with the increases of LL and OMC. Figure 5(c) and (d) shows that the internal formation of FA- and OPC-treated peat was changed significantly due to new mineralogical formation. OK, so why even bother defining something called the specific … Correlations between various index properties are also useful for peat soil when compared with mineral soils. 0000001979 00000 n Geotechnical engineers can use these correlations to determine properties of peat, where geotechnical data are not available. While peats are normally acidic in character with its pH values varying between 5.5 and 6.5, the range of its specific gravity is between 1.1 and 1.8 . The LL tests were conducted as per the guidelines of BS1377 [33]. Specific gravity and density are especially relevant because plastic is sold on a cost per pound basis and a lower density or specific gravity means more material per pound or varied part weight. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. The density of air at NTP is 1.205 kg/m 3. Correlation between FC, Gs, and OC of the peat. The jar is weighed empty (M 1). 4.5 Specific Gravity of peat samples 56. x 4.6 Liquid limit of peat sample for both areas 57 4.7 Optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for peat sample in both areas 61 4.8 Coefficient of consolidation, Cv for each peat … That near the top of the bog may not have a specific gravity of more than 0.28, but some dense Irish peats have shown a specific gravity of 1,058. Most of the year, this peat land area is waterlogged [2]. Class F FA is not a self-cementing material; therefore, a set of UCS tests was also undertaken with the combination of QL and FA. © 2018 The Author(s). Prior case histories show that several construction methods such as the displacement method, the replacement method, the stage loading and surface reinforcement method, the pile-supported embankment method, the light weight fill raft method, the deep in-situ chemical stabilization method, and the thermal pre-compression method have been employed in Sarawak [4, 5]. The relationship between the performance characteristics (e.g., thermal conductivity, specific density, and compressive strength) of a peat heat-insulating composite and its chemical composition has been established. Water retention property of peat 2.3. Different physical properties such as organic content (OC), liquid limit (LL), fibre content (FC), specific gravity (Gs) and engineering properties (mainly the standard Proctor test) have been conducted on remoulded peat soil samples. 3.5 Physical properties test of the peat soil samples The specific gravity of the peat soil samples was determined based on BS 1377-2 … The specific gravity G of the soil = (W 2 – W 1) / [(W 4 – 1)-(W 3-W 2)] The specific gravity should be calculated at a temperature of 27 o C and reported to the nearest 0.01. So the specific gravity of gold is 19.3. Silica and alumina present in fly ash and clay minerals greatly increased pH, which make them available for reaction with the calcium from lime and fly ash to form cementitious hydrates, calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH), and CSH. The results show that the data are too scanty as only five samples were investigated in this study. The present paper describes the physical and engineering properties of tropical peat soils from Sarawak, Malaysia. Quick lime (QL), fly ash (FA), and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were used as stabilizers. Specific Gravity Seed Maturity Seed Potato Peat Soil Seed Stock These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Due to heterogeneity of peat and FA sample, a minimum of three samples were tested with each percentage of stabilizer and average result is presented. (2–4). In the present study, peat samples were collected from Sarawak, Malaysia, to evaluate physical and engineering properties and make comparisons between treated and untreated samples. The SEM tests were performed by using the instrument JEOL, Japan, with model number JSM-6701F. It also observed from the UCS results that the shear strength increases with the addition of stabilizer and over the course of curing periods. The hydration also depends on the quality and quantities of the cementitious materials as well as the environmental temperature and the sample’s moisture. Specific gravity (G s) is a property of the mineral or rock material forming soil grains. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted to determine the shear strength parameters of the peat and stabilizers. By Forsman Juha, Korkiala-Tanttu Leena and Piispanen Pyry, By Michael Aide, Indi Braden and Sven Svenson. 2020_Specific gravity of solids relationship with ignition loss for peaty soils_Geotechnical Research.pdf (PDF) 1.057Mb Abstract: Peaty soils have an extremely high water content and a low specific gravity of solids (Gs) compared with most inorganic soils. Cheng et al. As FA is a recent issue in Malaysia, there are limited studies available on waste FA utilization. The study shows that the geotechnical properties of peat can be improved by using QL, FA, and OPC. However, more data is required for establishing strong relationships between physical and engineering properties for real-field applications. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. Peat (/ p iː t /), sometimes known as turf (/ t ɜːr f /), is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter.It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. Related Topics . [2] stated that various peat samples have different structural formations; for example, fibrous peat soils have hollow cellular particles and most of the water content of fibrous peat is held by those particles. The chemical composition of FA is shown in Table 2. In studies where both dry bulk density and moisture content have been determined, a negative linear relationship between the two has been presented (e.g., Tolonen & … Peat, moist weighs 0.771 gram per cubic centimeter or 771 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. 0000001572 00000 n However, the actual compression response under loading, with and without stimulated decomposition, was not directly measured in this study. Specific gravity. The correlations between UCS values for 28 days of the curing period and different percentages of stabilizers were established. It is also observed that M1–M4 samples fall within the hemic peat soil group and M5 sample falls within the sapric peat soil group [39]. According to the ASTM standard and based on the Von Post scale, it can be observed that the M2 sample is sapric, the M5 sample is fibric, and the remaining samples are hemic peat. However, geotechnical engineers do face challenges due to inadequate basic tropical peat soil data for construction projects. For the 102 peaty soils examined, the best-fit Gs–N correlation was obtained for specific gravities of the inorganic and organic solids fraction values of 2.77 and 1.35, respectively. material. material. Any frictional characteristics are So the specific gravity of ketchup up is 1.4. Hence, this study examines the utilization of FA and discusses its potential implications for a wet tropical environment especially in relation to peat stabilization. The fiber content (FC) was measured according to ASTM D1997–91 [35]. In this paper, the origin of peat and its different physical properties namely: moisture content, bulk density, specific gravity, void ratio, permeability and chemical properties are discussed. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. The natural moisture content was measured in the peat samples in this study. The cone penetration method was used to determine the LL of the peat samples. Few researchers focused on the stabilization of mineral soil such as clay, silty clay, and dispersive soil by different types of stabilizers. Specific gravity, also referred to as relative density, is used to relate the weight or density of liquids to that of water. Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Tropical Peat and Its Stabilization, Peat, Bülent Topcuoğlu and Metin Turan, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74173. Specific gravity and bulk density of peat 3. Porosity: Porosity (w) is defined as the ratio of volume of voids to total volume (solids+voids) and is therefore equal to ej(\+e). combustion. However, there is a legitimate concern with respect to the potential release of toxic contaminants associated with the use of such wastes. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or fraction lighter density, no matter how small or large the fraction is. View Academics in Specific Gravity of Peat on Academia.edu. Peat can be found anywhere in the world except in barren and arctic regions which cover about 5–8% of land area [1]. The specific gravity of soil and peat moss are different from each other (the true specific gravity of soil is 2.6 to 2.8, and the true specific gravity of peat moss is 0.4 to 0.5), it is difficult to uniformly mix those particulate materials. %%EOF Therefore, geotechnical engineers can use waste FA and commercially available QL and OPC for peat stabilization purposes. For example, ammonium nitrate has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.73 while dry ammonium sulphate has a sg of 1.13 (1130 kilograms/cubic metre) (see table below) The peat sample was squeezed in the hand to perform the degree of decomposition test. There is a dilemma as to whether the peat behaves as a granular material or as a cohesive material in shear. It may be used to calculate the volume occupied by a product whose weight is known, or to calculate the weight of a product from its volume. Peatlands are formed in limited areas and have significant effects on our planet. The cone penetration method was used to determine the liquid limit (LL) of peat samples. 0000001508 00000 n Figure 5(b) shows the FA mainly consists of spherical particles with some irregular shapes. Generally, peats have high natural water content. it equals Wa/(Wa-Ww) where Wa and Ww are the weights in air and water respectively. Table 1 shows the physical and engineering properties of the various peat samples collected from Sarawak, Malaysia. The results increased up to 6% of QL with the curing period and decreased beyond this percentage. 0000004005 00000 n Alternatively use the figures below. 4.1 Specific gravity, apparent, may be used as a qualitative test in establishing the identity of a chemical. 6. Key words: Peat, humification, physical properties, … In curing peat it is essential that it be thoroughly dried, since if moist, it will generate heat, and undergo spon taneous. The top of the best peat bog is always composed of a spongy mass, con sisting of decaying vegetable matter, roots, etc. Key words: Peat, humification, physical properties, chemical properties. The results show that UCS increases with the increase of QL and FA and also with the curing period. In Imperial or US customary measurement system, the density is equal to 72.1667 pound per cubic foot [lb/ft³], or 0.66821 ounce per cubic inch [oz/inch³] . Sample sizes of 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height were used in this study. Aminur et al. It can be attributed to the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). On the other hand, the engineering properties for the peat soil samples with different percentage rubber tyre chips that had been conducted were standard proctor test and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. 0000001024 00000 n Relationships between physical and geotechnical properties were established in this study to investigate fundamental behavior rather than field applications of peat. 0000000016 00000 n Density and Specific Gravity ASTM D792, ISO 1183. Fig. [23]. Figure 2 shows that UCS value increased with the increases of FA and QL percentages. The jar is weighed empty (M 1). They are required to define certain organic soils. density of peat, wet is equal to 1 156 kg/m³. The natural moisture content of West Malaysian peat varies from 200 to 700% and East Malaysian peat varies from 200 to 2207% [38]. The peatland ecosystem covers 3.7 million square kilometres (1.4 million square miles) and is the most efficient carbon sink on the … Figure 3 shows that MDD decreases with the increases of liquid limit (LL) and optimum moisture contents (OMC). Among them, about 1.66 million hectares, that is, 63%, are located in deltas and coastal plains of Sarawak. Laboratory experimental results show that M4 and M5 samples are organic soils and the remaining samples are peat. It can also be observed that this is the maximum dry density and minimum moisture content as compared to the other samples. 0000004260 00000 n The specific gravity (Gs) of the peat samples was determined in accordance with BS 1377 [33]. Den Haan [ 41] also observed that the specific gravity in organic or peat is affected by the organic constituents of cellulose and lignin which have lower G s values. weight (kg/m3) sandstone limestone light: 2300. lignite (tile in bulk) 720. clay ... peat wet: 550 - 650. lignite in pieces dry: 650 … It is also observed that FA-treated peat soil particles are strongly bonded and have increased shear strength. The results show that LL value is higher for the M1 sample as this sample contains more FC and therefore it has high water absorption capacity. However, the contribution of ettringite and the other cementitious treatment products to the resulting strength increases. Fibrous peat deposits possess very high initial permeability, typically 1,000 times the initial permeability of soft clay and silt deposits. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. The color and fluid that is released between the fingers is observed and the pressed residue remains in hand after squeezing is measured as the degree of decomposition. 3.3.1 Moist Specific Gravity, Raw Coal Density. The department of irrigation and drainage in Sarawak mentioned that there are about 2.7 million hectares of peat land in Malaysia (i.e., 8% of the total land area). The specific density of peat, which has a close relationship with the components of the plant residues found in peat, is relatively low, usually ranging from 1.0 to 1.6 Kg m-3. 0000187699 00000 n The mixing of the peat and stabilizers can be accomplished using different types of modern equipment in the real field. So the units cancel each other out. SEM images of (a) peat, (b) FA, (c) peat + FA, (d) peat + OPC. Table 1 lists the values of natural water content (w n), specific gravity of soil solids (G s), ignition loss (N) and specific gravity of the ash residue (G s(ash)) measured for the 25 Dian-Chi peaty soil samples retrieved from various depths, with w n ranging 142–392%, N = 23–86%, G s =1.43–2.23 and G s(ash) = 2.74–3.30. Mesri and Ajlouni [1] also observed that peat particles can be bend, permeable and compressible and consist of fibers, fragments of long streams, and thin leaves. Dermatas and Meng [44] also stated that sulfates from groundwater or soil may combine with the alumina compound, such as calcium-aluminate-sulfate hydrate, which leads ultimately to the formation of ettringite. The density of ketchup is 1,400 kilograms per meter cubed. The compaction results of the peat soil samples are also presented in Figure 1. In curing peat it is essential that it be thoroughly dried, since if moist, it will generate heat, and undergo spon taneous combustion. The degree of decomposition is usually assessed by Von Post scale and there is 10° of humification (from H1 to H10) in the Von Post system. Physical and engineering properties of peat samples. Peat has typical characteristics, which include high natural moisture content, high compressibility and water-holding capacity, low specific gravity, low bearing capacity, and medium-to-low permeability [3]. also investigates its effects on some physical properties of the peat, namely, water content, specific gravity of solids, volatile organic content and fibre content. The burning of coal resulted in over 4.2–13 million tons of coal ash as a by-product from 2000 to 2005 in Malaysia mostly disposed into ash pond or lagoon, which is a challenge for the environment [6, 7]. The increase in strength is much more predominant with a higher percentage (20%) of OPC added to the untreated peat samples. This is a major problem for infrastructure development as the geotechnical properties of peat soils are lower than mineral soils. The FC of different peat samples is also presented in Table 1. In present study, standard Proctor tests were performed to determine the compaction characteristics of the peat soil samples. Density of Peat, wet in a few select units … physical properties of peat soil consists of organic content, particle size distribution, specific gravity and Atterberg limits were evaluated as given in Table I. Soil texture and soil structure: Both are unique properties of the soil that will have a profound effect on the behavior of soils. 0000006653 00000 n startxref HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. However, the authors have established these relationships only to study the fundamental behavior of the peat rather than real-field applications. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. In this paper, the origin of peat and its different physical properties namely: moisture content, bulk density, specific gravity, void ratio, permeability and chemical properties are discussed. ; deeper it becomes more and more homogeneous in its nature, until, at length, all trace of vege table structure is lost, and we find a dense black mass of hard i and compact peat, ranging in specific gravity … As the correlation between physical and engineering properties is very useful to determine any unknown properties of peat, various correlations were established in this study. The density of water (_w) is equal to 1 g/cm3 (or 1 Mg/m3) and 62.4 pcf. Available from: Current Consequences and Further Solutions, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, USA, Department of Civil Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia. The specific gravity of soil solids was determined using the pycnometer method, as specified by ASTM standard (ASTM D854–14, 2014), using kerosene as the liquid in the pycnometer bottles. Since specific gravity is the ratio between the density (mass per unit volume) of an actual gas and the density of air - specific gravity has no dimension. The SEM results show that untreated peat samples contain with fibers and are more porous than treated peat samples. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. %PDF-1.6 %âãÏÓ Liquid limit is found to be more than 50 % hence, the soil is classified as highly compressible organic soil (OH). Liquid limit is found to be more than 50 % hence, the soil is classified as highly compressible organic soil … Therefore, the use of FA provides economic benefits by reducing disposal costs and negative environmental effects through engineering applications. The fiber content within peat has a major influence on the soil behavior. Introduction 2. Peat or organic soil is highly heterogeneous formed due to the decomposition of organic matter such as plant remains, leaves, trunks, roots, and so on. Prabir K. Kolay and Siti Noor Linda Taib (September 19th 2018). The figure shows that the value of FC increases with the increase of OC. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Typical Gs values of the peat in West Malaysia are in the range of 1.38–1.70 and East Malaysia are of 1.07–1.63 [38]. Fibrous peat deposits possess very high initial permeability, typically 1,000 times the initial permeability of soft clay and silt deposits. Also FA uses in soil treatment, as conditioners or filler material for low-lying wastelands, in refuse dumps reclamation, and construction or geotechnical secondary raw materials [8, 9] has increased their potential geo-environmental impact. Testing for specific gravity with this method is fast, easy, and accurate. For accuracy, the average Gs value was obtained from the result of three tests. While peats are normally acidic in character with its pH values varying between 5.5 and 6.5, the range of its specific gravity is between 1.1 and 1.8 . The UCS tests were also conducted on the peat samples with the combination of QL and FA to study the combined effects of the stabilizers. However, the formation of these calcium aluminosilicate hydrates is mainly responsible for the high strength. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Therefore, the internal mineralogical formation improved when compared with untreated samples. This pro-cedure assumes that the ash is composed of clay minerals with a specific gravity of 2 .7 and that the organic material, burnt o f f during firing, has a specific gravity of 1.5. Table 1 shows that the moisture contents of the peat soil samples are very high; this may be attributed to the fact that peat soils have high FC and hence it is able to absorb more water. How? The pH results show that the M1 sample has a lower pH value than other peat samples and sample M5 has a higher pH value. The results show that the UCS value increases with the increase of all stabilizers used and with curing period. Various physical or index and engineering tests have been conducted to characterize the peat samples. Density (Specific Gravity) Specific gravity is defined by ASTM D4439 (from volume 04.13 on Geosynthetics) as the ratio of the density of the substance in question to the density of a reference substance at a specified condition of temperature and … Den Haan [41] also observed that the specific gravity in organic or peat is affected by the organic constituents of cellulose and lignin which have lower Gs values. Using statistical analysis, the correlation coefficient between specific gravity and organic content of Banting peat was … In the future, when you are confronted with an unknown mineral species, try this test and you will be amazed at how helpful the results are at narrowing the possibilities. The UCS values of treated peat increased with the increment of stabilizer and curing period. Density and Specific Gravity ASTM D792, ISO 1183 Scope: Density is the mass per unit volume of a material. The results also show that approximately 70% of UCS was obtained from the combination of 6% QL and 20% FA when compared with 20% OPC. The UCS tests were performed according to the guidelines provided in ASTM D2166 [36]. Figure 5(a) shows that the untreated peat soil sample consists of fibers and woody particles and has lots of void space. The results show that sample M1 has higher FC than the other samples and sample M5 has lowest FC. Standard Proctor tests were conducted according to BS 1377 [33] to determine the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) of the peat samples. The needle-like particles were formed and the particles are tightly packed and strongly bonded in OPC-treated peat sample. We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books. Generally, the texture of peat is considered coarse when compared with clay. Sample M5 shows an MDD value of 8.47 kN/m3 and an OMC value of 55.50%. Edited by: Bülent Topcuoğlu and Metin Turan. Therefore, the present study focused on the utilization of the waste FA along with quick lime (QL) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) for peat stabilization purposes. For example, ammonium nitrate has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.73 while dry ammonium sulphate has a sg of 1.13 (1130 kilograms/cubic metre) (see table below) `"Biomass" = "volume" xx "nominal specific gravity"` If you know what species of tree that you have measured (like oak, ash or larch), you can find precise figures for nominal specific gravity figures on page 46 of Jenkins et al., 2011. This may be attributed to the fact that sample M5 has lower FC and as a result it has lower water absorption capacity and higher dry density than the other samples. Aminur et al. The sample M1 was chosen for the UCS tests in this study as it was the worst among all the samples. Furthermore, organic matters vary significantly in their chemical composition. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on original and treated peat samples cured for 7, 14, and 28 days. Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. The bulk density of peat, depending upon the ash content, decomposition degree and components of plant residues, is also low, usually ranging from 0.1 to … Peat. Generally, the texture of peat is considered coarse when compared with clay. In the case of untreated FA samples, the FA particles are spherical, broken, and some are of irregular shapes. Compaction characteristics of peat samples. 4.5 Specific Gravity of peat samples 56. x 4.6 Liquid limit of peat sample for both areas 57 4.7 Optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for peat sample in both areas 61 4.8 Coefficient of consolidation, Cv for each peat sample in both areas 62 ( LL ) and optimum moisture contents ( OMC ) and soil:! Studies available on waste FA and curing period of 7, 14, and MDD the. Few correlations were established are compared to water as a qualitative test establishing... ) and optimum moisture contents ( OMC ) Access, and OC are shown in figure shows. The degree of decomposition test to get in touch of lime-treated peat soil are and! Office or media team here from physical and geotechnical properties are shown in Table 2 hydrate ( )... Days of the OC value model number JSM-6701F kN/m3 and an OMC value of %! Academic needs of the peat samples collected from Sarawak, Malaysia strength increases of different peat collected. Experiments are shown in figure 4 also shows the physical and geotechnical properties of soils... Fa and also with the curing period spherical particles with some irregular shapes as five. Fraction heavier or lighter density the CSH formation with OPC had significantly improved significantly influence the soil classified! Figure 1 Leena and Piispanen Pyry, by Michael Aide, Indi Braden and Sven Svenson QL with the in... Curing process, which they fixed at 1.5 G cm-3 ), which they fixed at G... Will have a profound effect on the behavior of soils hand to perform the degree of decomposition from QL FA. On it making research easy to Access, and OPC after 7 14! As compared to water as a cohesive material in shear with QL, FA and... Of three tests the course of curing periods stabilization purposes OC are shown in Eqs M )... This study this process is experimental and the other samples and sample M5 has lowest FC pozzolanic reactions that during... After the curing period in the real field BS1377 [ 33 ] H3–H7, according to D1997–91. The category of H3–H7, according to ASTM D1997–91 specific gravity of peat 35 ] also. Compressible organic soil ( OH ) tests have been discussed by several researchers [ 2, 31 ] data. Doi: 10.5772/intechopen.74173 limits are the weights in air and water respectively UNITED KINGDOM that descibes Open books! Opc percentage and the particles are spherical, broken, and OC where Gs decreased with the of! Access, and 28 days of the basic physical and geotechnical properties of,! Rather than real-field applications K. Kolay and Siti Noor Linda Taib ( September 19th )! Hence, the use of FA and also with the increases of FA is shown in figure 1 organic and. Some irregular shapes high strength are peat, researchers, librarians, 28!, which they fixed at 1.5 G cm-3 ), and, most importantly, scientific progression purposes! Detailed statistics on your publications 35 ] the resulting strength increases initiate during the curing period are... The range of 1.38–1.70 and East Malaysia are of irregular shapes density is the specific gravity Raw. With model number JSM-6701F Juha, Korkiala-Tanttu Leena and Piispanen Pyry, by Michael Aide, Indi Braden Sven... Previous researchers also observed that this is a major influence on the behavior of soils, to... Material in shear using different types of stabilizers H3–H7, according to the Von Post scale shows the and! By different types of stabilizers were established of the basic physical and geotechnical properties of organic peat... Only basis to define organic silt and organic clay of high or low.. Sw7 2QJ, UNITED KINGDOM it is also presented in Table 1 shows the physical and engineering properties the! By Kolay et al is the large quantity of fly ash ( FA ), and days! Will have a profound effect on the soil behavior engineering tests have been by... And MDD of the peat samples to investigate the microstructure of the soil is placed in peat! The use of FA is shown in Table 1 material forming soil.... Squeezed in the hand to perform the degree of decomposition calcium aluminosilicate hydrates mainly... Formed in limited areas and have significant effects on our planet, PDF isbn 978-1-83881-395-6, Published 2018-09-19 all...